Careers

 

The Opportunity
Westmark School, a nationally recognized leader in educating neurodiverse learners, is seeking a dynamic and visionary Director of Development to join our senior leadership team. This is a pivotal moment in Westmark’s history to build upon record-breaking parent and faculty and staff participation in the School’s annual giving program known as the Westmark Fund, as well as philanthropic momentum to expand our impact.

The Director of Development will champion a culture of generosity, expand constituent engagement (current families, grandparents, alumni and their families, and former trustees), and inspire collective action across the community. This role offers the opportunity to help shape the future of learning differences (LD) education by connecting donor passion with institutional transformation.

The School is looking for a seasoned development professional who is equally comfortable working as a high-level administrator and as a boots-on-the-ground staff member who rolls up their shirt sleeves to execute and implement plans. The successful candidate will have direct experience within independent schools or a closely related educational environment.

If you are a strategic fundraiser, a collaborative leader, and a storyteller at heart, we invite you to apply and help us write the next chapter of Westmark’s mission.

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Our Mission
Westmark School is a creative and supportive college preparatory school dedicated to educating, empowering, and celebrating students with distinct learning styles, providing the tools necessary to achieve successful and fulfilling futures.

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The Westmark Difference 
Westmark School transforms lives at every age and every grade. We spark the imaginations of our youngest learners as they explore their world and learn to love learning again; nourish the growth of our Middle School students as they develop character and confidence; and illuminate futures for our high school students as they become seasoned communicators, self-directed learners, responsible members of society, and critical thinkers who push past limits and reach for success. 

Westmark provides a research-based education for Grades 2–12 students with dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphic, and other language-based learning differences (LD), often combined with ADHD. Because our students think and learn differently, we teach differently. And the difference is brilliant. Our college-preparatory curriculum differentiates instruction based on each student’s unique strengths and needs and enables them to discover not only their personal academic style, but also discover that thinking and learning differently carries its own unique rewards.

Founded in 1983 as Landmark West School, Westmark School recently celebrated its fortieth anniversary. Across many phases of campus, curricular, and administrative growth, the School has remained deeply committed to offering a nurturing, highly specialized education to its neurodiverse student body. As it looks ahead to the future, Westmark strives to sustain its success as a center of excellence in the field of LD education.

In January 2024, Westmark opened an innovatively designed, state-of-the-art Lower School Campus. The promise of this long-planned project was bold: to create an optimal environment in which to educate and empower our youngest learners with language-based LD. Representing a major investment in early intervention, the facility enables us to increase Grades 2–5 enrollment while maintaining small class sizes and low student-teacher ratios. Coupled with strategic efforts to increase tuition assistance, Westmark looks forward to engaging many more mission-fit students so that they can access our evidence-backed curriculum from an early age and grow in our close-knit and inclusive community.

Claudia Koochek, a highly esteemed educator in the LD community, brings a unique passion and energy to Westmark as its Head of School, a position she has held since 2015. She is dedicated to the practice of personalized learning, assistive and instructional technologies, and experiential and service learning, all essential components for student success at Westmark.

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Philanthropy at Westmark
Over the last three years, Westmark’s culture of philanthropy has strengthened tremendously through robust parent education about the importance of collective giving, as well as through strong volunteerism by Westmark Fund ambassadors and other key constituents who are well-trained and supported in their work. The Board of Trustees leads by example, contributing to the Westmark Fund, the annual Spring Gala,  and capital campaigns. 

Each year, the School raises around $625,000 for the Westmark Fund. This year parent participation reached 100% for the first time in over a decade. The Spring Gala raises approximately $200,000 for tuition assistance and $100,000 for special projects.  In recent years, Westmark completed a capital campaign for a new Lower School, which opened in January of 2023. Westmark’s current major gifts initiative is Changing Lives, specifically designed to raise funds for tuition assistance.

To learn about recent fundraising efforts, please read our Report on Philanthropy, 2024–2025.

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Position Description
Reporting to the Head of School, the Director of Development is responsible for providing leadership to and executing the School’s fundraising and constituent relations programs—including annual giving, foundation relations, major gifts, planned giving, and capital campaigns. The Director of Development develops strategies to strengthen relationships across all constituencies and works closely with the Head of School, Advancement Committee, and other key volunteer committees to create and sustain a culture of philanthropy. The Director of Development also serves as a liaison to the Westmark Parent Association (WPA). 

Salary range is $115,000–$145,000, dependent upon experience.

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Essential Responsibilities

Fundraising Strategy and Leadership

• Inspire a culture of generosity among parents, grandparents, faculty and staff, alumni, alumni parents, former trustees and community partners.
• Develop strong working relationships with members of the Board of Trustees, including staffing the Advancement Committee.
• Provide leadership to the Westmark Parent Association in building a strong sense of community among current parents.
• Develop and implement comprehensive fundraising plans aligned with school priorities.
• Partner with Head of School, Board members, and others to cultivate, solicit and steward donors.
• Appropriately coach and prepare all staff, Board members, and volunteers engaged in solicitation activities.

Constituent Engagement

•  Develop tailored strategies to engage parents, grandparents, alumni, alumni parents and former Trustees in the life of the school, including deepening their connection to Westmark’s mission.
• Create opportunities for meaningful involvement through events, communications, and recognition programs that celebrate their impact.
• Strengthen long-term relationships across generations of the school community, ensuring inclusivity and continuity in donor engagement.

Communications and Brand Alignment

• Collaborate closely with Marketing and Communications to produce integrated donor messaging and materials, including related print and digital projects for the Westmark Fund, Holiday Gift Fund, Spring Gala, and Report on Philanthropy, which require a significant amount of copywriting and fact-checking.
• Ensure fundraising communications reflect Westmark’s brand and highlight program successes.

Operational Excellence

• Provide periodic analysis of fundraising programs to the Head of School and Board, as appropriate.
• Collaborate with finance staff to integrate fundraising projections into budgets.
• Oversee the independent contractor providing Raisers Edge services. Responsible for donor list accuracy across materials.

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Specific Duties

In collaboration with the Head of School, and finance and program staff, assist in the preparation of annual operating plans and budgets, appropriately incorporating fundraising projections and other data into the organization’s budgets and financial reports.

Westmark Fund

• Develops a detailed plan for the Westmark Fund, including revenue and expenditures for inclusion in the overall advancement plan.
• Sets annual giving goals based on historical analysis of donors, prospect base, and School needs. Uses wealth screening, giving history, and other information to determine appropriate ask amounts for each constituent.
• Establishes a detailed calendar of solicitations by targeted constituency and fundraising strategy and develops targeted campaigns for parents of current students, grandparents of current students, alumni parents, alumni, and faculty and staff.
• Enlists Westmark Fund Chairs and Ambassadors.
• Staffs the volunteer leadership for the Westmark Fund, including ensuring that volunteers receive the appropriate training, support, and recognition.
• Personally contacts, cultivates, solicits, and stewards prospects, as appropriate, for the Westmark Fund.
• Provides ongoing analysis and evaluation of solicitation programs and monitors results in order to meet goals.
• Collaborates with the Director of Strategic Marketing and Strategic Communications and Assistant Director of Communications in writing and producing Westmark Fund collateral.

Foundation Relations

• Develops and implements a plan to obtain annual and major gift support from foundations.
• Develops relationships with program officers as appropriate.
• Tracks top foundations to ensure that a proposal is cued up at all time.
• Conducts research to identify foundations likely to contribute to School programs and projects based upon giving patterns, areas of interest, and relationships with School administrators, faculty, volunteers, parents, and trustees.
• Drafts and submits proposals, including tracking progress of proposals through decision making cycle, developing strategies for follow-up and intermediate moves between application and decision, and determining reasons when proposals are rejected.
• Solicits assistance and involvement of faculty and others as appropriate in the preparation and submission of proposals and in the cultivation and solicitation process.
• Ensures that thank-you letters and timely follow-up reports are drafted and signed as appropriate.
• Establishes and maintains a system for monitoring and reporting the pledged and awarded funds from foundations.

Major Gifts/Campaigns

• Staffs the Head of School, Board members and others in cultivating, soliciting, and stewarding major gifts for the school.
• Oversees prospect identification, evaluation, assignment, and tracking of major gift prospects.
• Writes proposals, including editing as necessary; 
• Works collaboratively with campaign counsel in executing any campaigns that the school embarks upon. 

Planned Giving

• Design and implement a planned giving program that encourages donors to include Westmark School in their estate and long-term financial plans.
• Cultivate relationships with alumni, alumni parents, grandparents, and community members to inspire legacy commitments that sustain the school’s mission for generations.
• Collaborate with legal and financial advisors to ensure planned gifts are structured effectively and align with donor intent.
• Provide clear, compassionate guidance to donors exploring bequests, charitable trusts, and other legacy vehicles.
• Oversee recognition and stewardship of planned giving donors, ensuring their contributions are honored and celebrated as part of Westmark’s philanthropic culture.·   

Spring Gala

• Procures sponsorships and high-value auction items.
• Secures auction bids and paddle raises in advance to build momentum for event success.
• Works in conjunction with the Marketing and Communications, Event Management, and Business Office teams on event planning and execution and post-event analysis.
• Promotes attendance by constituents.

Stewardship

• Develops a comprehensive stewardship plan designed to build a culture of philanthropy and appropriately thank and recognize donors.
• Ensures there is ample inventory of mementos and gifts for donors and volunteers to be given in appreciation.
• Ensures donors are thanked for their Westmark Fund, Spring Gala, and campaign gifts and that communications are thoughtful and inspire donors to give repeatedly.
• Responsible for post-gift stewardship of each donor with the highest possible degree of personalized attention, arranging for interactions with the Head of School, and Trustees, as appropriate.
• Performs other duties as assigned by the Head of School.

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Qualifications

• 7+ years of relevant fundraising experience, with direct experience within independent schools or a closely related educational environment.
• Strong track record of progressively challenging fundraising success, including in annual fund/event, major gifts, planned giving, and/or capital campaigns.    
• Strong and demonstrated experience leading and engaging all stakeholders: trustees, colleagues, parents, students, alumni, other donors, partners, and volunteers.                                     
• CRM database and general technology experience and proficiency required; Raiser’s Edge experience strongly preferred.
• Understanding of independent school communities and culture.
• Excellent oral and written communication and presentation skills.
• Detail-oriented and highly organized.
• Actively engaged in professional development and current on best practices.
• Customer service mindset: personable, positive, helpful, with a sense of humor.
• Sensitivity, discretion, and demonstrated ability to use good judgment and maintain confidentiality.
• Ability to manage and prioritize multiple responsibilities simultaneously.
• Ability to manage competing demands, and adapt to frequent or unexpected changes.
• Bachelor’s degree required; relevant advanced degree preferred.

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Physical Demands and Work Environment 

While performing the duties of this job, the employee is required to sit in on meetings and work on a computer for long periods of time; and is occasionally required to walk, reach with hands and arms, balance, stoop, talk, and hear. The employee must occasionally lift and/or move up to 15 pounds. Specific vision abilities required by the job include close vision, distance vision, and the ability to adjust focus.

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How to Apply

Interested applicants should submit electronically and as separate documents the following materials to the email address shown below:

• Cover letter expressing interest in the Director of Development position
• Current resume
• List of five references with their contact information, including email addresses

careers@westmarkschool.org
Westmark School 
5461 Louise Avenue
Encino, CA 91316

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Westmark School is an equal opportunity employer and makes employment decisions on the basis of merit and job performance. School policy prohibits discrimination based on race, color, creed, gender, gender identity or expression, religion, marital status, age, national origin or ancestry, physical or mental disability, medical conditions (including genetic characteristics or information), sexual orientation, or any other consideration made unlawful by federal, state, and local laws.

Position Summary

Westmark School is a creative and supportive college preparatory school dedicated to educating, empowering, and celebrating students with distinct learning styles, providing the tools necessary to achieve successful and fulfilling futures. Over the past forty years, Westmark has earned acclaim for transforming the lives of Grades 2–12 students with dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, and other diagnosed language-based learning differences (LBLD). 

Westmark’s Upper School is the only independent high school in Greater Los Angeles that specializes in educating LBLD students and preparing them for post-secondary success. For many years, 100% of graduating Westmark seniors who apply to college have been accepted.

Westmark School is currently seeking an experienced, visionary administrator to lead the Upper School, which encompasses approximately 100 students and 20 faculty each year. The Director of Upper School will shape the division’s rigorous college-preparatory curriculum and the School’s college and career readiness program; attract and retain exceptional faculty; and ensure that the best educational practices are implemented to address the needs of students and their families.

This opportunity opens during an exciting time in Westmark’s history. Over the last decade, under the leadership of its Head of School, Claudia Koochek—a renowned leader in the field of LBLD education—Westmark has grown into an organization that prioritizes research-to-practice and robust teacher training, all in service of elevating how LBLD students are educated at Westmark and beyond. To that end, the School has been laying the foundation for groundbreaking partnerships with universities, research institutes, and organizations across the country. 

Position Start Date: July 1, 2026

Position Salary: $145,000–$160,000, dependent upon experience

Essential Duties and Responsibilities

Reporting to the Associate Head of School, the Director of Upper School is responsible for fulfilling the School's mission and vision by overseeing the academic activities and outcomes for Upper School students, to include college and career readiness. 

Academic and Division Leadership

• Serve as the educational leader of Westmark’s Upper School division, with responsibility for its day-to-day operation; direct the activities of the members of the School’s instructional and non-instructional teams; serve as a visible presence and inspiring spokesperson among students, families, and faculty.
• Review, enhance, and continually improve the Upper School curriculum to ensure that it incorporates inclusive, research-based best practices and standards for college-preparatory high schools, taking into account the unique requirements of preparing LBLD adolescents for post-secondary success.
• Thoroughly understand the profile of LBLD students; develop plans for meeting their needs and for engaging all members of the community in student success.
• Serve as an advocate for the Upper School within the broader community; collaborate closely with the Director of Middle School, especially with regards to facilitating the successful transition of the School’s Grade 8 students to Upper School life.
• Assist in the admission process for the testing, interviewing and evaluating of applicants.
• Supervise the College and Career Counselor and collaborate with the full Counseling Office in overseeing and continually upgrading social-emotional learning, executive function, college and career preparation and placement.
• Manage Upper School budgets; review and approve purchase requests and determine the most appropriate use of allotted funds.
• In collaboration with the senior leadership team, serve as an active member in all areas of school life; work toward a resolution of all problems, both routine and unique, as they arise; keep the Associate Head of School informed of the general programs, activities, and challenges of the Upper School.

Student and Parent Engagement

• Ensure that Upper School faculty provide appropriate academic instruction and guidance for students, while fully integrating parents/guardians in the process.
• Review and continually improve Upper School curricula, processes, programs, technologies, practices, pedagogies, and schedules with a focus on continual improvements that deliver superior outcomes for students and faculty.
• Assist in establishing guidelines for proper student conduct; monitor student discipline consistent with School policies.
• Maintain complete academic records on all students and oversee grading and other reporting according to best practices used by teachers to measure student achievement.
• Communicate student progress clearly and consistently with Upper School parents/guardians.

Faculty Engagement

• Observe, mentor, and evaluate faculty in the development and implementation of curriculum; supervise teaching; and review and evaluate academic programs.
• Oversee the day-to-day activities and assignments of the Upper School Advisors, Department Chairs, and College and Career Counselor; create and sustain a supportive environment that both establishes and reflects teamwork and collaboration.
• In close coordination with the Associate Head of School, recruit and retain educators with the expertise, positive energy, and focus required to successfully serve Westmark students; leads the orientation of new teachers, assuring they adhere to School policies and practices; foster a culture of faculty growth.
• Work collaboratively with tech committees and specialists to support educational technology initiatives and dynamic needs in the Upper School.
• Work closely with the Associate Head of School and key senior administration in planning and implementing a comprehensive professional development program for faculty.
• Ensure compliance with legal requirements of government regulations and agencies, and adherence with the educational standards established by the State of California and by those agencies that examine and accredit Westmark School.

Qualifications

• An open, flexible, and solution-oriented mindset in response to evolving school and student needs. 
• A mission-driven community builder with a belief in and a career committed to independent school educational practices, preferably with experience empowering students with language-based learning differences.
• Master’s degree; minimum of 7 years progressive experience in administration or equivalent managerial expertise in grades 9–12.
• Deep understanding of adolescent development, especially in LBLD teens.
• Strong curricular and college preparation and placement experience, with particular knowledge of trends and best practices.
• Excellent written and oral communication skills with an ability to effectively communicate with all stakeholders of the School, build consensus, and lead with clarity and confidence.
• An ability to create a caring and dynamic culture for students and faculty; a good listener and strategist; comfortable receiving input from many sources and able to analyze and formulate disparate information into a sound, well-organized plan.

Physical Demands and Work Environment

The physical demands and work environment characteristics described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions for the job. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions. 

While performing the duties of this job, the employee is required to sit in on meetings and work on a computer for long periods of time; and is occasionally required to walk, reach with hands and arms, balance, stoop, talk, and hear. The employee must occasionally lift and/or move up to 15 pounds. Specific vision abilities required by the job include close vision, distance vision, and the ability to adjust focus.

How to Apply

Interested applicants should submit electronically and as separate documents the following materials to the email address shown below:

• Cover letter expressing interest in the Director of Upper School position
• Current resume
• Statement of educational philosophy
• List of five references with contact information, including email addresses

careers@westmarkschool.org 

Please include “Director of Upper School” in the email subject line.

Westmark School

5461 Louise Avenue

Encino, CA 91316

Westmark School is an equal opportunity employer and makes employment decisions on the basis of merit and job performance. School policy prohibits discrimination based on race, color, creed, gender, gender identity or expression, religion, marital status, age, national origin or ancestry, physical or mental disability, medical conditions (including genetic characteristics or information), sexual orientation, or any other consideration made unlawful by federal, state, and local laws.
 

Position Summary

Westmark School seeks a dynamic Upper School History Teacher with strong content expertise and a passion for working with neurodiverse learners, particularly students with language-based and attentional differences.

This Upper School role includes teaching five classes in Grades 9–12 and delivering a skills-based history curriculum that builds reading, writing, executive functioning, research, social-emotional, and technology skills. The ideal candidate has experience providing explicit, high-quality reading and writing instruction.

Westmark’s holistic approach allows flexibility in selecting literature and historical content to strengthen foundational academic skills. Candidates should demonstrate knowledge of current research and best practices in literacy instruction, as well as experience with language-based learning differences or special education settings. The role also requires integrating executive functioning support and using a Universal Design for Learning approach.

Position Start Date: August 5, 2026

Position Salary: $72,000–$85,000 dependent upon experience

Essential Duties and Responsibilities

• Teach five sections of Upper School History across the grade levels to students with language-based and attentional learning differences.
• Serve as an Advisor and deliver daily Advisory lessons.
• Utilize and monitor student data to inform instruction.
• Submit weekly lesson plans to the History Department Chair and Division Director.
• Integrate technology into the curriculum following best practices.
• Maintain class page through the School’s learning management system (LMS) to meet the requirements of Westmark School.
• Update and post daily to the LMS class grade book.
• Communicate with parents, History Department Chair, Instructional Coaches, Advisors, and Division Director regarding students’ behaviors, academic concerns, and academic progress.
• Use behavior management systems that are effective with students with language-based learning differences.
• Provide a positive environment that encourages students to actively participate in their own learning.
• Ensure that all curriculum and instruction are examined through the lens of Westmark’s strong commitment to Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging (DEIB). 
• Participate actively in all ongoing professional development activities.
• Model professional and ethical standards when dealing with students, parents, peers, and the community.
• Additional responsibilities and duties as assigned.

Qualifications

• A minimum requirement of a bachelor’s degree in Education, with a preference for a special education credential or a master’s degree in Education
• Credential, graduate degree, or extensive experience in the field of special education and/or learning differences.
• Minimum of 5 years of classroom teaching experience, preferably in teaching high school students.
• A strong desire to be part of a collaborative team.
• Knowledge of multi
• sensory teaching methodologies.
• Experience with technology, specifically iPads, Macs, PCs, and SMART Technologies.
• Excellent communication, interpersonal, and presentation skills.
• Strong organization and time-management skills.
• Experience and training with the Jane Schaffer Writing Program© and University of Kansas Sentence Writing Program© preferred.
• Knowledge of the Universal Design for Learning framework. 

Physical Demands and Work Environment 

The physical demands and work environment characteristics described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions for the job. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions. 

Physical demands: While performing the duties of this job, the employee is required to sit in on meetings and work on a computer for long periods of time, and is occasionally required to walk, reach with hands and arms, balance, stoop, talk, and hear. The employee must occasionally lift and/or move up to 15 pounds. Specific vision abilities required by the job include close vision, distance vision, and the ability to adjust focus. 

How to Apply

Submit your cover letter and resume by email to:
careers@westmarkschool.org

Westmark School is an equal opportunity employer and makes employment decisions on the basis of merit and job performance. School policy prohibits discrimination based on race, color, creed, gender, gender identity or expression, religion, marital status, age, national origin or ancestry, physical or mental disability, medical conditions (including genetic characteristics or information), sexual orientation, or any other consideration made unlawful by federal, state, and local laws.

Position Summary

Westmark School seeks a dynamic and visionary Upper and Middle School Mathematics Teacher who combines deep subject-matter expertise with a genuine passion for neurodiverse learners. This role is designed for an educator who thrives on transforming the math experience for students with language-based and attentional learning differences.

The ideal candidate will move beyond traditional instruction, crafting a specialized, high-engagement curriculum that leverages student strengths and fosters mathematical confidence. As a key member of our Middle and Upper School faculty, the Math Teacher will implement evidence-based strategies aligned with the Westmark mission, ensuring that every student is prepared for the rigors of college and beyond.

Additionally, the ideal candidate will be well-versed in language-based learning differences and/or have experience in a special education setting. The teacher will be required to weave in executive functioning support and use a Universal Design for Learning teaching modality within the classroom. 

Position Start Date: August 5, 2026

Position Salary: $72,000–$85,000 dependent upon experience

Essential Responsibilities

• Teach a minimum of five sections of mathematics classes to Middle and Upper School (Grades 6–12) students with language-based and attentional learning differences.
• Provide high-level instruction to students with a specific mathematics curriculum.
• Focus on providing high-level math-based interventions to students in a special education environment.
• Utilize and monitor student data to inform instruction.
• Submit weekly lesson plans to the Mathematics Department Chair and Division Director.
• Integrate technology into the curriculum following best practices
• Maintain class page through the School’s learning management system (LMS) to meet the requirements of Westmark School.
• Update and posts daily to the LMS class grade book.
• Communicate with parents, Department Chair, Instructional Coaches, Advisors, and Division Director regarding students’ behaviors, academic concerns, and academic progress.
• Use behavior management systems that are effective with students with language-based learning differences.
• Provide a positive environment that encourages students to actively participate in their own learning.
• Ensure that all curriculum and instruction are examined through the lens of Westmark’s strong commitment to Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging (DEIB). 
• Participate actively in all ongoing professional development activities.
• Model professional and ethical standards when dealing with students, parents, peers, and the community.
• Additional responsibilities and duties as assigned.

Qualifications

• Bachelor’s degree or higher in Education (with a preference for a special education credential or master’s degree) and 5+ years of teaching experience, preferably teaching middle and high school students.
• Extensive experience in the field of special education and/or learning differences.
• A strong desire to be part of a collaborative team.
• Knowledge of multisensory teaching methodologies.
• Experience with technology, specifically iPads, Macs, PCs, and SMART Technologies.
• Excellent communication, interpersonal, and presentation skills.
• Strong organization and time-management skills.
• Desire to continue to develop professionally by learning new programs and methodologies.

Physical Demands and Work Environment 

The physical demands and work environment characteristics described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions for the job. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions. 

While performing the duties of this job, the employee is required to sit in on meetings and work on a computer for long periods of time; and is occasionally required to walk, reach with hands and arms, balance, stoop, talk, and hear. The employee must occasionally lift and/or move up to 15 pounds. Specific vision abilities required by the job include close vision, distance vision, and the ability to adjust focus.

How to Apply

Submit your cover letter and resume to:
careers@westmarkschool.org

Westmark School is an equal opportunity employer and makes employment decisions on the basis of merit and job performance. School policy prohibits discrimination based on race, color, creed, gender, gender identity or expression, religion, marital status, age, national origin or ancestry, physical or mental disability, medical conditions (including genetic characteristics or information), sexual orientation, or any other consideration made unlawful by federal, state, and local laws.